傳奇影星 Audrey Hepburn 曾說:「世上沒有真正的不可能,因為 impossible 這個單字拆開來看,就是 I'm possible!」
這句話既富有情感,也是一個巧妙的雙關語,但在英語文法上並無實際依據。當我們說英語時,常常可以利用字首 (像是「im」) 來將正向詞轉變為負向詞 (反之亦然)。在本文中,我們將介紹英語中最常見的字首,以及它們的使用方式和時機。
字首是加入到單字開頭的一組字母。英語中的字首會修改單字的含義。它們可以否定這個單字,表示重複,或者表明一種觀點。
字首在英語中很常見。掌握字首的用法後,您便能輕鬆將詞彙量加倍 -- 只需在現有的英語名詞與形容詞前加上字首即可。
話雖如此,擴大英語詞彙量的最快方法就是參加專業的教師的英語課程。請參閱以下課程:
英語中使用字首的時機?
我們通常在形容詞前使用字首來賦予它們相反的含義。例如, kind becomes unkind.當我們在動詞或名詞之前使用字首時,字首為我們提供了有關單字或情況的更多資訊 -- 例如,eat can become overeat, and understanding can become misunderstanding.
以下是一些最常見的形容詞字首,我們用於否定或表示「not」。
請注意,使用這類字首並不一定會讓單字變成否定,而是與原意有所不同。例如,把 in- 加到 dependent 這個詞上,它就會變成 independent。這樣也不錯!
prefix that means “not” |
Examples of positive and negative |
un- |
Kind / unkind |
dis- |
Satisfied / dissatisfied |
im- |
Possible / impossible |
in- |
Decisive / indecisive |
ir- |
Regular / irregular |
il- |
Legal / illegal |
a- |
Typical/ atypical |
如何知道每個英語字首的使用時機?
那麼您應該使用 im- 還是 un- 或其他字首呢?您怎麼知道每個字首對應的單詞是什麼?問得好。重點在於哪種發音最自然。
以下是常見的字首集 -- 儘管也有例外:
Im- is often used in front of adjectives that begin with p, m, b
(immature, imbalanced)
In- is often used in front of other adjectives.
(Incompetent, ineffective)
Ir- is often used before adjectives that begin with r.
(irrelevant, irresponsible)
il- is often used before adjectives that begin with l.
(illegible, illicit)
我們還可以使用字首來將其他意義加入單字:
字首 |
意義 |
範例 |
mis- |
wrongly |
mislead |
re- |
again |
reactivate |
de- |
stop |
deactivate |
over- |
too much |
overcook |
under- |
too little |
underestimate |
pre- |
before |
prejudice |
post- |
after |
postmodern |
self- |
to yourself |
self-centred |
semi- |
part, partial |
semicircle |
pro- |
in favour of / towards |
proactive |
anti- |
against |
antivirus |
sub |
under |
submarine |
out |
more |
outrun |
non- |
not |
nonconformist |
ex- |
former / from before |
ex-husband |
mid- |
in the middle |
midday |
了解英文字首的簡單拼寫規則
英文字首的拼寫規則很簡單。根單字的拼寫不會改變,字首的拼寫也不會改變。這通常意味著使用雙字母:
My little brother is so immature.
I couldn’t read the document -- it was illegible.
Bob thought the meeting was unnecessary.
某些字首在主單字之前使用連字號 (-)。例如,使用字首 ex-。如果字首位於專有名詞、名稱或數字之前,您也應該使用連字號:
I saw my ex-boss at the conference.He was looking very stressed!
They were very pro-Europe, even though their friends were anti-Europe.
I used to listen to this music in the mid-90s.
當字首以某個母音結尾,而主單字以相同的母音開頭時,也必須加上連字號。這有助於使該單字更易於發音。
Everyone was hoping that they wouldn’t re-elect the Treasurer.
She is one of the world’s pre-eminent physicists.
如果使用其他字首,只有在沒有連字號的情況下含義不明確時,才應使用連字號。看看這個含義截然不同的例子:
Ahmad had to re-sign the document。(他不得不再次簽署該文件。)
Ahmad had to resign from his job, as he had found something better.(他不得不辭職)。
使用英語字首的常見錯誤
人們經常會犯錯誤,使用看似相似但含義並不完全相同的不同字首。例如:
He was very dissatisfied with his new headphones -- the sound quality was terrible.
John was unsatisfied after the meal -- he was still hungry.
這兩個單字很相似,而且都是負面的。但是意思略有不同。Dissatisfied 表示某人對某事不滿意或沮喪。但 unsatisfied 意指某些需求未被滿足,或事情還不夠完整。
熱門電影和音樂中使用字首的著名例子
《Lucky and Unhappy》是 French duo Air 在 2008 年推出的一首歌曲,內容探討了不願隨波逐流的人如何選擇自由自在的生活。
The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt 是 Tina Fey 編劇的一部受歡迎的電視喜劇系列。它描述了一位積極向上的女性,即使被囚禁在地堡多年,依然展現出頑強的生命力。她積極向上的精神堅不可摧!
Mos Def、Jack Black 和 Danny Glover 主演了 2008 年的狂熱喜劇電影《Be Kind,Rewind》,故事發生在一個影片出租店,裡面發生了各種怪異的事情。
字首迷你測驗
您能發現這些句子中的錯誤並改正它們嗎?
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My younger brother is so iresponsible.He never helps!
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My chicken was over cooked and tough.It was difficult to eat!
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Ruyi gets stressed when people are late -- she’s so unpatient.
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We need to repress the button.I don’t think it worked.
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Jake was unsatisfied with the service in the restaurant -- the waiter was very rude。
答案:
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My younger brother is so irresponsible.He never helps!
-
My chicken was overcooked.It was difficult to eat!
-
Ruyi gets stressed when people are late -- she’s so impatient.
-
We need to re-press the button.I don’t think it worked.
-
Jake was dissatisfied with the service in the restaurant -- the waiter was very rude.